Menopause describes the stage of a woman’s life when her menstrual periods stop permanently, and she can no longer get pregnant. Menopause is not a disease or disorder — it is a normal part of aging for women. The time leading up to menopause is called the menopausal transition or perimenopause.
Some women have no or mild menopausal symptoms and may even feel relieved when they no longer need to worry about periods or getting pregnant. For other women, the menopausal transition can bring various symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, trouble sleeping, joint and muscle discomfort, pain during sex, moodiness and irritability, forgetfulness, difficultly concentrating.
The transition into menopause usually starts with changes in women’s menstrual cycle patterns, often accompanied by hot flashes or other symptoms. You will only know that you’ve reached menopause when you have not had a period or spotting for a full year.
During the menopausal transition, the body’s production of estrogen and progesterone, two hormones made by the ovaries, declines greatly. Changes in these hormones may explain the symptoms that some women experience during this time.
Symptoms related to menopause can last for between two and eight years, though the timing and symptoms are highly variable among women. These factors are likely influenced by a woman’s genetics as well as external factors, such as race and ethnicity, culture, lifestyle, and environment.
In addition, during the menopausal transition, the body begins to use energy differently. The distribution of fat in the body changes, and women may gain weight more easily. They may also experience changes in their bone density, heart health, body shape and composition, or physical function.
After menopause, women are more vulnerable to certain health conditions, including heart disease, stroke, and osteoporosis. During this time, it is important to continue to eat a healthy diet, stay active, and get enough calcium and vitamin D.
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